For example, the 1980s rap group Gucci Crew II had a song called "The Cabbage Patch" that the dance of the same name was based on.

[29] In a 2001 interview Richard "Crazy Legs" Colón, the president of Rock Steady Crew, commented on how Puerto Ricans contributed to breaking: "I think the difference is when the brothas first started doing [it] and it was at its infancy they weren't doing acrobatic moves.

In contrast to the circular shape of a cypher, competing crews face each other in an Apache Line, challenge each other, and execute their burns (a move intended to humiliate the opponent, i.e. crotch grabbing).

[13][39] In addition to Campbell, the original members of The Lockers were Fred "Mr. Penguin" Berry, Leo "Fluky Luke" Williamson, Adolfo "Shabba-Doo" Quiñones, Bill "Slim the Robot" Williams, Greg "Campbellock Jr" Pope, and Toni Basil, who also served as the group's manager.

[40][41][42] At the 2009 World Hip Hop Dance Championships, Basil became the first female recipient of the Living Legend Award in honor of her role in giving locking commercial exposure.

In the 2006 book Total Chaos, hip-hop historian Jorge "Popmaster Fabel" Pabon lists some of these moves, which include "the lock, points, skeeter [rabbits], scooby doos, stop 'n go, which-away, and the fancies.

[13] It is based on the technique of quickly contracting and relaxing muscles to cause a jerk in a dancer's body, referred to as a pop or a hit.

Popping is also used as an umbrella term to refer to a wide range of closely related illusionary dance styles[46] such as strobing, liquid, animation, twisto-flex, and waving.

[note 3] Opposite from gliding is tutting, an upper body dance that uses the arms, hands, and wrists to form right angles and create geometric box-like shapes.

[51]: 1 [52] According to Dance magazine, jookin is characterized by dancers "gliding footwork... popping and waving... [and] using the tips of their sneakers to balance on pointe.

While watching a jookin' battle in Jackson, Tennessee, dance critic Alastair Macaulay observed that "the most evidently sensational feature of jookin is the extensive use of what a ballet observer is bound to call pointwork: the men, in sneakers, go onto tiptoe... many of the men not only rose onto point but also hopped, turned, ran and balanced on point.

[56]: 1, 3  After hearing about the song, Los Angeles radio station Power 106 hired the New Boyz to perform at local high schools.

[56]: 2  Later the same year, rap duo Audio Push released the song and video "Teach Me How to Jerk", which showcased the different dance moves within jerkin' including the Reject—the Running Man done in reverse.

[13] Of the dance, journalist Jeff Weiss from LA Weekly stated "For a youth culture weaned on the cult of individualism, jerkin' is its apotheosis.

Ceasare "Tight Eyez" Willis and Jo'Artis "Big Mijo" Ratti created krumping[59] in the early 2000s in South Central, Los Angeles.

[60] It was only practiced in Los Angeles until it gained mainstream exposure after being featured in several music videos[61] and showcased in the krumping documentary Rize.

[61][note 5] Johnson and his dancers would paint their faces and perform clowning for children at birthday parties or for the general public at other functions as a form of entertainment.

A significant juncture in the development of hip-hop was the addition of eight-counts, a method of counting dance steps to stay in sync with the music.

An early example of this is when Janet Jackson performed the Running Man in her 1989 music video for the song "Rhythm Nation", which was choreographed by street dancer Anthony Thomas.

[74] The resident dance troupe, The Fly Girls, opened and closed every show with a hip-hop and jazz performance choreographed by Rosie Perez.

[78] Fatima Robinson, Stefan "Mr. Wiggles" Clemente, and Timothy "Popin' Pete" Solomon have taught classes at MOHH in the past.

[78] Every year, the convention brings together its top student dancers for a professionally choreographed showcase in Los Angeles called Monsters of Hip Hop: The Show.

Although limited, representation for individual dancers had existed since the 1980s at the beginning of the music video era due to the pioneering work of talent agent Julie McDonald.

When Wild Style opened in Japan, Rock Steady Crew performed breaking in Tokyo's Harajuku shopping district to promote the film.

[86][note 7] In 1984, Beat Street was released in West Germany and screened at the Cannes Film Festival, which helped to introduce breaking, graffiti writing, and turntablism to this part of Europe.

In 1985, Yuen Woo-ping directed a hip-hop themed romantic comedy in Hong Kong called Mismatched Couples starring Donnie Yen.

In 2006, hip-hop dance company Boy Blue Entertainment won a Laurence Olivier Award for their show Pied Piper.

[148] After generating significant views on YouTube, they started YAK (Yoram And Kash) Films and added music producer Ben "B'zwax" Tarquin to the team.

[146][147] From shooting videos only in the United States, they were able to easily transition to covering dance events in Europe due to Savion's dual French citizenship.

[65] Three years later in 2007, the University of East London's Center for Performing Arts Development (CPAD) started intake for the only bachelor's degree program in the world specializing in hip-hop, urban, and global dance forms.