Hispanics and Latinos in Texas
[2] In 2022, Hispanics and Latinos of any race overtook the non-Hispanic white population as the state's largest demographic.
[6] Years later on June 1527, an expedition led by Pánfilo de Narváez and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca with the purpose of reaching Florida in order to build a city, resulted in a failed mission due to harsh weather and disease.
[8] After the years spent living in Texas among Indigenous civilization, Narvaez and Cabeza de Baca along with some of their men, found their way back to Mexico City in 1536 and told stories about the extravagancies witnessed in the north.
[10] On July 7, 1540, Coronado's army reached the outskirts of the rumored city of much gold, Cibola, near upper Rio Grande where the Spanish encountered massive resistance from Puebloans.
[9] When the fighting settled, Coronado decided to explore the land more extendedly, which was when one of the expeditions arrived at Texas in 1541 where they encountered groups of people from the Caddo tribe, leading to more events of violence.
[9] After all, Coronado returned to New Spain on April 1542 an informed about the cruel reality of the cities in the north that were explored, describing them as not having any gold or silver.
[13] This led to the actions taken by Spaniard Alonso de León, the then governor of Coahuila, to march into Texas towards Fort St.
[9] A year later in January 1691, Domingo Terán de los Ríos was appointed to be the governor of Spanish Texas.
[18] The population was not only Mexican but also included United States citizens, Native Americans and enslaved people.
[citation needed] Hispanics dominate southern, south-central, and western Texas and form a significant portion of the residents in the cities of Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio.
[citation needed] Steve Murdock, a demographer with the Hobby Center for the Study of Texas at Rice University and a former director of the U.S. Census Bureau, predicted that, between 2000 and 2040 (assuming that the net migration rate will equal half that of 1990–2000), Hispanic public school enrollment will increase by 213 percent, while non-Hispanic white enrollment will decrease by 15 percent.
Due to tensions caused by changes in both governments and the border, people of Latino descent were hanged, shot, burnt, decapitated, and tortured.
In response to the growing, Anglo-American, frustration, the United States government forcibly removed 2 million Latinos with the majority of them being American citizens.
During these repatriations, local governments denied aid to those of Mexican descent, offered train fares to Mexico and raided Latino communities.
Anti-Latino sentiments grew during the California Gold Rush as many Latinos demonstrated more advanced mining skills than their white counterparts.
[31] During this period, Texas Rangers carried out lynchings of Hispanic men, women, and children for accusations that included cattle theft, murder, witchcraft, and even refusal to play the fiddle.
Some case studies included the burning of Refugio Ramírez and his family for the alleged bewitching of neighbors in 1880 by a mob in Collin County, North Texas.
[32] With a high number of chemical industries and facilities, various neighborhoods within Houston are susceptible to toxic air pollution.
Due to unequal educational platforms, disregard for Tejano culture, and linguistic intolerance, Hispanic students had higher withdrawal rates and lower academic performances.
[33] Until 1970 Houston Independent School District (HISD) counted its Hispanic and Latino students as "white.
