In mathematics, and in particular differential geometry and gauge theory, Hitchin's equations are a system of partial differential equations for a connection and Higgs field on a vector bundle or principal bundle over a Riemann surface, written down by Nigel Hitchin in 1987.
[1] Hitchin's equations are locally equivalent to the harmonic map equation for a surface into the symmetric space dual to the structure group.
[2] They also appear as a dimensional reduction of the self-dual Yang–Mills equations from four dimensions to two dimensions, and solutions to Hitchin's equations give examples of Higgs bundles and of holomorphic connections.
The existence of solutions to Hitchin's equations on a compact Riemann surface follows from the stability of the corresponding Higgs bundle or the corresponding holomorphic connection, and this is the simplest form of the Nonabelian Hodge correspondence.
The moduli space of solutions to Hitchin's equations was constructed by Hitchin in the rank two case on a compact Riemann surface and was one of the first examples of a hyperkähler manifold constructed.
The nonabelian Hodge correspondence shows it is isomorphic to the Higgs bundle moduli space, and to the moduli space of holomorphic connections.
Using the metric structure on the Higgs bundle moduli space afforded by its description in terms of Hitchin's equations, Hitchin constructed the Hitchin system, a completely integrable system whose twisted generalization over a finite field was used by Ngô Bảo Châu in his proof of the fundamental lemma in the Langlands program, for which he was afforded the 2010 Fields medal.
[3][4] The definition may be phrased for a connection on a vector bundle or principal bundle, with the two perspectives being essentially interchangeable.
Here the definition of principal bundles is presented, which is the form that appears in Hitchin's work.
-bundle for a compact real Lie group
over a compact Riemann surface.
, the special unitary group or special orthogonal group.
be a section of the complex vector bundle
is the complexification of the adjoint bundle of
is called a Higgs field in analogy with the auxiliary Higgs field appearing in Yang–Mills theory.
, Hitchin's equations[1] assert that
-part of the induced connection on the complexified adjoint bundle
-valued one-forms in the sense of Lie algebra-valued differential forms.
, Hitchin's equations assert that the
and gives this Lie algebra bundle the structure of a holomorphic vector bundle.
A pair consisting of a holomorphic vector bundle
is called a Higgs bundle, and so every solution to Hitchin's equations produces an example of a Higgs bundle.
Hitchin's equations can be derived as a dimensional reduction of the Yang–Mills equations from four dimension to two dimensions.
are the standard coordinate differential forms on
The self-duality equations for the connection
, a particular case of the Yang–Mills equations, can be written
To dimensionally reduce to two dimensions, one imposes that the connection forms
define a connection on the restricted bundle over
Since these equations are conformally invariant on
, they make sense on a conformal compactification of the plane, a Riemann surface.