Horse mill

[1][2] Two Carthaginian animal-powered millstones built using red lava from Carthaginian-controlled Mulargia in Sardinia were found in a 375–350 BC shipwreck near Mallorca.

[3] It freed the miller from most of the heavy burden of his task and greatly increased output through the superior stamina of horses and donkeys over humans.

Such a machine would create great torque stresses, and if it were ever to work again it would require re-engineering to ensure smooth and safe running, and beams which are seasoned and not cracked.

They project for many feet beyond the main gear wheel, and require wooden stretchers to stabilise them.

[7] They were most prolific in the Ruiton farm area of the Black Country, which extended to Cotwallend Road.

Horse 'gins' were also an extension of the one time illegal mining activities carried out particularly during the Miners' Strike of 1926.

The Earl of Dudley halted these activities and legalised them by giving permission for the coal to be mined on a royalty tonnage basis.

Eventually, two shafts and steam-driven pit gear were installed to mine the thicker coal further down.

[8] In Antwerp, Belgium, the Brewers' House museum[9] is a good example of horse-powered pumping machinery.