IBM copier family

IBM's decision to compete in this market resulted in the first commercial use of an organic photoconductor that was later widely used in many photocopiers.

[2] It also showed that despite the size of IBM's sales and engineering organisations, this did not guarantee success in every market it chose to compete in.

Having made good progress by the early 1940s, he began looking for investors, approaching many office supplies companies including IBM.

IBM reportedly rejected his proposal because they felt that carbon paper was a cheaper alternative.

[5][6] He eventually found an investor in the Haloid Corporation, however they struggled to finish the product and approached IBM to offer them what became the Xerox 914.

[10][11][12] Meanwhile, in 1965 George Castro (PhD), authored a doctrinal thesis at Dartmouth College that demonstrated that organic materials could conduct electricity when exposed to light.

[13] At that time this was a significant scientific achievement and led to an opportunity to conduct more research in this area at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena in 1967.

[14] IBM needed this both to avoid patent infringement with Xerox (who used a photoconductor based on selenium[15]) and to let them use plain paper in their Copiers.

Their various lawsuits were finally settled in 1978 by an exchange of patents and a payment by IBM to Xerox of US$25 million.

[23] Xerox reportedly purchased a Copier I shortly after it was released and ran it for two shifts per day for three months.

[32] The American artist and writer named Pati Hill used the IBM Copier II to create artwork sometimes referred to as Xerox Art.

In 1977 IBM loaned her a Copier II free of charge for two and a half years which she used to generate artwork for her books and exhibitions.

[26] The first two models, Models 10 and 20, were announced in 1976 and withdrawn from Marketing on March 11, 1986[38] Features include:[27] Due to extensive reliability problems with paper jams (due to the long and complicated paper path), it was withdrawn in January 1978 and re-released in November 1978 with a considerable number of modifications (which IBM called Engineering Changes or ECs), which meant the momentum gained by the success of the Copier II was lost.

[10] The Model 60 offers a more modular way to add or remove features and has a newly designed Semi-Automatic Document Feed (SADF).

[44] Source:[10] IBM dedicated a large section of the March/April 1983 issue of their staff magazine Think, to the Model 60.

An assurance that IBM was still committed to producing Copiers and that the quality of the Model 60 was of an exceptional standard.

Models 70 and 85 include a redesigned developer unit with two magnetic brush rolls instead of one, which IBM claimed provided enhanced character fill, increased optical density and excellent copy quality in comparison to previous models.

The solution consists of software that ran on an IBM 5150 Personal Computer with 128MB of RAM and two double sided floppy disk drives, running DOS 1.1.

[55] This only changed when in April 1986, IBM announced they were launching a US$120 million remissioning project that would result in the end of manufacturing at the Boulder site, focusing it instead on software and services.

In 1974 production moved to a new 50 acre site at Marienfelde in Berlin, that built copiers, dictation machines and typewriters.

The photoconductor was mainly composed of a TNF and polyvinyl carbazole resin coating on an aluminized mylar sheet and was manufactured by IBM in Lexington Kentucky.

IBM Copier I
IBM Copier II
A model 10 receiving an engineering change