Iberism

It mostly encompasses Andorra, Portugal and Spain, but may also include Gibraltar and territories of France such as Northern Catalonia or the French Basque Country.

[citation needed] In 1512, Ferdinand II of Aragon conquered the Kingdom of Navarre bringing the territories of what would become known as modern Spain under a common ruler.

As a result of the disappearance of Sebastian I of Portugal at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, Philip II of Spain exerted his dynastic rights and used Castilian troops to overcome the rival pretender.

[citation needed] The national poet of Portugal Luís de Camões opposed Philip, but had himself written some sonnets in Spanish (bilingualism was then common in both courts).

It was José Marchena who, in the 18th century, gave this doctrine a progressive, federal and republican tone in l'Avis aux espagnols.

[citation needed] In the point of view of the 19th century conservative restorations in Spain and Portugal, the "iberisms" played the role of agents of social change with republican and revolutionary stances, thus threatening the stability of the peninsular nations.

[2] Large companies have opened shop in the neighbouring country,[citation needed] and the Portuguese state closed the birth center of the border municipality of Elvas, sending patients to the Extremadura health system.