The Bugkalot (also Ilongot or Ibilao[2]) are an indigenous peoples inhabiting the southern Sierra Madre and Caraballo Mountains, on the east side of Luzon in the Philippines, primarily in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Ecija and along the mountain border between the provinces of Quirino and Aurora.

[3][4][5][6] They are also commonly referred to as "Ilongot", especially in older studies, but nowadays, the endonym Bugkalot is preferred in modern ethnic research.

[8] The Bugkalots tend to inhabit areas close to rivers, as they provide a food source and a means for transportation.

[3][4][5][6] Their certificate of ancestral domain title (CADT) was issued on July 23, 2016, by the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples.

[9] In Ivan Salva's study in 1980 of the Bugkalots, she described "gender differences related to the positive cultural value placed on adventure, travel, and knowledge of the external world."