Ilya Mikhailovich Duka came from a Serbian family that emigrated to Russia, established in the Kursk Governorate.

During the campaign in Poland in 1794, he distinguished himself by capturing General Tomasz Wawrzecki and his officers, and was promoted to major.

He took part in the 1807 Campaign and distinguished himself at Eylau, being awarded the Order of St. George (3rd Class) and a Golden Weapon "For Bravery".

In 1813, Duka was promoted to lieutenant general (27 September), fought at Leipzig and was wounded in the head.

In September 1826, he was promoted to the general of cavalry, the next highest rank to Field marshal, and then retired on 17 February 1827 because of ill health.