Its western terminus is at the Illinois state line west of Lake Village.

Its eastern terminus is at State Road 19 (SR 19) south of Etna Green.

From its western terminus at the Illinois state line, SR 10 heads east; after 3.99 miles (6.42 km) it has an intersection with U.S. Route 41 (US 41).

Then SR 10 turns east onto U.S. Route 231 and both routes go due east until US 231 turns due south on its way to Lafayette.

This route was part of the old number system that was in place in Indiana.