Interior of São Paulo
When the Portuguese arrived, there were a variety of indigenous tribes in the interior of São Paulo, predominantly from the macro-Jê linguistic group, such as the Kayapo, Xavante, Kaingang and Puri, and also territories inhabited by Guarani people.
[7] One of the first expeditions of the Paulistas dates back to 1562, when João Ramalho left for the Paraíba Valley to fight the Guarani people who had surrounded São Paulo a short time before.
[14][9] In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the settlement of São Paulo territory, until then restricted to the coast and the Piratininga Plateau, expanded to the valleys of the Paraíba do Sul and Tietê rivers, which is probably related to the demand for new lands and bandeirantes.
[9] Several other expeditions crossed the interior of São Paulo in this period, following the course of the Tietê River, such as those of Manuel Preto (1606), Belchior Dias Carneiro (1607), Martim Rodrigues Tenório de Aguiar (1608) and Antônio Raposo Tavares (1628).
[29] In the second half of the 17th century, the focus of the expeditions was no longer the capture of indigenous people to enslave, but the search for precious stones in the interior of the colony, especially in the current territories of Goiás and Minas Gerais.
[32][33] Starting from São Paulo and passing through Jundiaí, the bandeirante Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva (son), known as Anhanguera, discovered gold in Goiás in 1725, forming, along the way, support centers that would become the settlements of Campinas, Mogi-Guaçu, Casa Branca, Batatais and Franca.
[32] From the second half of the century, during the government of the Morgado de Mateus, there was an economic expansion of the captaincy of São Paulo with the introduction of sugar cane cultivation in the countryside, but without harming the diversified production of crops such as corn, beans and rice.
[48] In the region of Itu and Jundiaí, in addition to sugar production, the villages and towns served as supplies for the caravans that headed for Mato Grosso and Goiás on the roads opened at the beginning of the century.
[54][55] In 1810, King John VI, who had settled in Brazil after the French invasion of Portugal, established the Real Fábrica de Ferro São João do Ipanema, a steel mill on the site where the bandeirante Afonso Sardinha had mined iron more than two centuries earlier in the present-day municipality of Iperó.
Originally, its cultivation was restricted to the Paraíba Valley, but it gained prominence after Brazil's Independence, quickly making cities such as Bananal, Lorena, Guaratinguetá, Pindamonhangaba and Taubaté rich and creating a rural slave oligarchy.
The people of São Paulo, dissatisfied with the conservative legislation of the central government and with the removal of Rafael Tobias de Aguiar from office as president of the province, rebelled on May 17, 1842, in Sorocaba, which was declared the provisional capital.
Soon, the movement spread to several other villages and cities in the countryside, such as Taubaté, Pindamonhangaba, Silveiras and Lorena, in the Paraíba Valley, and in other important locations such as Itu, Itapetininga, Porto Feliz and Capivari.
[63] Due to the restrictions on the slave trade in operation since at least the 1830s, São Paulo farmers began to encourage the immigration of German, Swiss, French and Portuguese settlers to work on both sugar cane and coffee farms.
[66] In the first decades of the 20th century, coffee remained the main product of farms in the interior of São Paulo, but other items were also grown on a smaller scale, such as rice in the Paraíba and Ribeira Valleys,[67][68] or cotton in the Sorocaba region.
[73] The World War I made it difficult to export to Brazil products manufactured in Europe, which accelerated the industrialization process of several Brazilian cities, many of them in the interior of São Paulo.
[75][76] Taking advantage of the historical planting of sugarcane, the sugar sector underwent a strong industrial development, mainly in Piracicaba[77] and neighboring municipalities, and also stood out in other regions, such as Sorocaba (Porto Feliz),[78] Paraíba Valley (Lorena),[79] Ribeirão Preto (Sertãozinho).
",[83] or the women who fought in hiding, like Maria Sguassábia, from São João da Boa Vista, initially combating without revealing her identity,[84] or the boy Aldo Chioratto, a young scout from Campinas who was killed while delivering a letter during one of the several aerial bombings that the city suffered between September 15 and 29.
[120] With the immigration of Confederates from the southern United States to the Santa Bárbara d'Oeste region after the American Civil War, there is the organization of Presbyterian, Baptist and Methodist communities in the countryside.
[128][129][130][131] The interior of São Paulo is helping the state to reclaim its position as Brazil's main automotive park, with half of the country's car production once again coming from its territory.
[137] The interior of São Paulo, supported by income from agribusiness and sugar cane, was the region that most expanded spending on food, beverages, hygiene and cleaning products in the first half of 2011 compared to the same period in 2010, ahead of even the most famous consumer markets, such as the Northeast and Central-West.
Meanwhile, the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, which includes the capital and 38 municipalities, will operate R$379.1 billion or 49.8% of the total spent on food, housing, transportation, health, clothing and education, reveals a study by IPC Marketing.
[153][154][155] The 22 remaining airports linked to the extinct DAESP were divided into two lots, auctioned by the government of São Paulo and won by the Voa NW/Voa NE consortium, which took the Southeast block for the grant amount of R$14.7 million.
[156] In addition to road and air transportation, the interior has the Paraná-Tietê Waterway, which contributes to the flow of cargo and people from the state of São Paulo and the Central-West and Northern regions of Brazil.
[164] The National Transportation Confederation, in a survey conducted in 2006, released a ranking that places São Paulo's highways, compared to others, at the top in terms of general state of conservation.
The companies that won the bidding process were obliged to make a series of investments and meet quality targets, but despite the improvement in accident statistics, the collection of a toll considered high by Brazilian standards provokes criticism of the privatization model.
[167][168] The interior of São Paulo has a complex transportation network, with the main axes being the Anhanguera, Castelo Branco, Raposo Tavares, Dutra, Bandeirantes, Washington Luís, Marechal Rondon, Carvalho Pinto, Dom Pedro I and Faria Lima highways.
[169] The government of the state of São Paulo is building one of the largest road works in the interior of Brazil, the Sumaré-Campinas corridor, which will connect several cities in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas; this project is receiving investments of around R$150 million.
[170][171] The government of the state is also building the largest road complex in Brazil, the Waldo Adalberto da Silveira interchange, one of the main accesses to Ribeirão Preto, located in a strategic area, connecting the Anhanguera, Abrão Assed, Antônio Machado Sant'Anna highways with Castelo Branco Avenue; the investment will cost approximately R$120 million.
[174] The region has important Brazilian higher education institutions, such as USP in São Carlos, Ribeirão Preto, Piracicaba and Bauru, UNICAMP, UNESP, ITA, UFSCar, UNIFESP, PUC Campinas, and FATEC – the latter present in almost the entire state – among others.
Some sportsmen who ennoble the state of São Paulo and Brazil are: Gustavo Borges, Felipe Massa, Hélio Castroneves, Hortência Marcari, Magic Paula, Abílio Couto, Laís Souza, Emerson Leão, Raí, Antônio de Oliveira Filho, Roberto Carlos da Silva, Fabíola Molina, Fernanda Venturini, Maurício Camargo Lima, Luís Fabiano Clemente, Marcos Roberto Silveira Reis, Nicholas Santos, Maria Zeferina Baldaia and Claudinei Quirino da Silva.
