[5] The late A. Kasravi discovered in the dīvān of the poet Qatran a curious ode on an expedition which the Rawādī ruler of Tabriz, Vahsūdān (circa 1025–1059) sent to Ardabil, under the leadership of his son Mamlan.

[5] As of Gilan, Mustawfī mentions the little town of Iṣfahbad, which Yāḳūt spells Isfahbudhān, adding that stood two miles distant from the coast of the Caspian, but nor otherwise indicating its position; corn, rice, and a little fruit were grown here, ind in neighboring district were near a hundred villages.

[6] In later Seljuk times we hear of «Nusrat al-dīn Abul-Muzaffar Ispahbad Kiyā Livāshīr», to whom Khaqanī dedicated several poems in which he praised his liberality and mourned his untimely demise.

Consequently, it becomes probable that the Malik Ahmad mentioned in Abu-Sa'īd's decree (Melig Aqmad) as having given the three villages (Kenleče, Sidil, and Aradi) to Badr al-dīn Mahmūd was the same local ruler.

[9] Qāsim al-Anvār who lived in 1356–1433 and was closely connected with the Safavid family, tells in one of his poems a story about the sipahbad of Gilan Jalāl al-dīn Hūsayn whose throne (takht) was in Astārā.