Sir James Alderson FRS (30 December 1794 – 13 September 1882) was an English physician born and based in Kingston upon Hull.
He settled for a short time in London, and was physician to the Carey Street Dispensary.
On the death of his father he succeeded to a large and lucrative practice in Hull and the neighbouring parts of Lincolnshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire.
He was treasurer of the college from 1854 to 1867, and took much interest in its administration, priding himself greatly on unearthing the original charter granted by King Henry VIII, which had long been lost.
He opportunely met Bishop Wilberforce when the latter was seized by an illness in Italy, and the two travelled homeward together.
Alderson had some entertaining reminiscences of the journey, which he was accustomed to relate with great zest.