[2] Individuals with Jefferson fractures usually experience pain in the upper neck but no neurological signs.

[3][4] Jefferson fracture is often caused by an impact or load on the back of the head, and are frequently associated with diving into shallow water, impact against the roof of a vehicle and falls,[5] and in children may occur due to falls from playground equipment.

The use of rigid halos can lead to intracranial infections and are often uncomfortable for individuals wearing them, and may be replaced with a more flexible alternative depending on the stability of the injured bones, but treatment of a stable injury with a halo collar can result in a full recovery.

[7] A primary factor in deciding between surgical and non-surgical intervention is the degree of stability[7][9] as well as the presence of damage to other cervical vertebrae.

[9] Though a serious injury, the long-term consequences of a Jefferson's fracture are uncertain and may not impact longevity or abilities, even if untreated.