The son of Toussaint Dubois, Jesse attended some classes at Indiana College until he was twenty-four.
In 1841, he was appointed Register of the Land Office of Palestine, Illinois, by William Henry Harrison, but worked only briefly before resigning.
In 1859, while serving as Auditor, Dubois reported to the legislature the discovery that the previous governor, Joel A. Matteson, had illegally redeemed thousands of dollars worth of canal scrip.
Dubois provided evidence and testimony to the Senate Finance Committee and the Sangamon County grand jury investigating what became known as the Canal Scrip Fraud.
"[6] Dubois died at his home in Sangamon County, Illinois, on November 22, 1876, and was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield.