[3] Defences of Judaism to Greek, Egyptian and Roman religionists are found in Philo's Apology on behalf of the Jews,[4] and Josephus' Against Apion as well as other Hellenistic Jewish authors.
[10] Saadia's Kitab al-Amanat wal-I'tikadat "Book of Belief and Opinions" (933) includes refutations of the Christian Trinity, and more restrainedly against Hiwi al-Balkhi's arguments against the Jewish scriptures.
[24] For polemical and apologetic reasons, a wider interest in Christian theology and a desire to acquire the necessary linguistic tools (the study of Latin) seem to emerge during the 13th century.
[25] Other apologetic works include Joseph Albo's Sefer Ha-Ikkarim "Book of Principles" (1420),[26] Chasdai Crescas' Or Adonai "Light of the Lord" (1410), Isaac of Troki's Hizzuk emunah "Faith strengthened" (1590).
Notable among apologetics of the 17th century was Elijah Montalto, personal physician to Maria de Medici in Paris until his death in 1611, among others such as Menasseh ben Israel, author of Vindiciae Judaeorum whose works were printed by the Jewish community of Amsterdam.