Joe Madison Kilgore (December 10, 1918 – February 10, 1999) was an American lawyer, politician, and decorated World War II veteran who served five terms as a U.S. Representative from Texas's 15th congressional district from 1955 to 1965.

From 1935 to 1936, Kilgore attended Trinity University, then known as Westmoreland College, located in San Antonio, Texas.

His legal studies were interrupted at the University of Texas School of Law in July 1941 to enlist in the United States Army Air Corps.

Kilgore was awarded the Silver Star, Distinguished Flying Cross, and Air Medal with two Oak leaf clusters.

Kilgore was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-fourth and to the four succeeding Congresses (January 3, 1955 to January 3, 1965), when he was one of the majority of the Texan delegation to decline to sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto opposing the desegregation of public schools ordered by the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education.