José Cândido de Melo Carvalho (June 11, 1914 – October 22, 1994) was a Brazilian zoologist who specialized in entomology and was a world authority on the true bugs or Hemiptera.
His abilities both in science and in the field of politics helped Brazil to develop and maintain a high level of systematic biology.
In addition, he published on the knowledge of animals by Indians of the Xingu River basin, and on the explorations of early naturalists in the Amazon.
He was a member of the Vatican Academy of Sciences, and Vice President of the Brazilian National Research Council.
He participated in the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, at which time he became friends with future Brazilian president Castelo Branco.