Josef Maria Eder (16 March 1855 – 18 October 1944) was an Austrian chemist who specialized in the chemistry of photography, and who wrote a comprehensive early history of the technical development of chemical photography.

In the following years, Eder developed a sensitized gelatin silver process.

Orthochromatic photographic plates, in combination with a color filter counter-acting the plates' inhomogeneous sensitivity to light of different wavelengths, yielded black and white images showing all colors of the light in their true brightness.

For nearly three decades, Eder edited the annual Jahrbuch für Photographie und Reproduktionstechnik (Yearbook for Photography and Reproduction Processes) from 1887 to 1914, a compilation of developments in the photographic field, issued between 1887 and 1933.

On March 1, 1888 Eder founded the Institute for Photography and Reproduction Techniques (today the Höhere Graphische Bundes- Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt).