Joseph Bradford Lancaster (1790 – November 25, 1856) was an American lawyer and Whig politician who served on the Florida Supreme Court from 1848 to 1850.

He read law, was admitted to the Kentucky bar, and opened a practice in Bardstown and Lebanon.

DuVal appointed him assistant secretary to the East Florida land commission.

He entered the lists politically when he defended Judge Joseph L. Smith against charges of abuse of power.

He served with distinction as a militia officer in the Second Seminole War and was badly wounded near Micanopy.

The following year, the legislature appointed Benjamin D. Wright and George W. MacRae to the circuit court instead of Lancaster.