Joseph McIlvaine (October 2, 1769 – August 19, 1826) was a United States senator from New Jersey from 1823 until his death.

McIlvaine was born in Bristol, Pennsylvania to Col. Joseph Mcllvaine (1749–1787) and Catherine Swan.

His father's sister, Mary McIlvaine (1752–1818), married Joseph Bloomfield, later Governor of New Jersey.

He was appointed as a judge to the New Jersey Superior Court in 1818, but declined.

He was elected to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Samuel L. Southard and served from November 12, 1823, until his death in Burlington, New Jersey, where he was buried at Saint Mary's Episcopal Churchyard.