A supporter of socialist ideals, in 1920 he volunteered for the Polish Army during the Polish–Soviet War.

He was one of the contributors of Zwrotnica, magazine of the avant-garde artists in Kraków.

In Cieszyn, he published his works in Zaranie Śląskie (Silesian Dawn) (1929–1938).

In 1941 he was arrested by the Gestapo, the Nazi German secret police.

After the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Przyboś left the Polish United Workers' Party.