Jumala

Jumala as a god of the sky is associated with the related Estonian Jumal, Mari Jumo and is thought to stem from an ancient tradition of the Finno-Ugric peoples.

An Indo-Iranian origin for the name has been proposed, comparing e.g. Sanskrit dyumān 'heavenly, shining', accepted in some sources[5] but disputed in others due to the inexact meaning.

This name replaced the original Finno-Ugric word for 'heaven' (*ilma), which is preserved in the Sámi and Permic languages but whose meaning was shifted to 'air' in Finnic.

No certain equivalents are found in the Ugric languages, though a minority view proposes a connection with words meaning 'good', such as Hungarian jó, Northern Mansi ёмас /jomas/.

According to John Martin Crawford in the preface to his translation of the Kalevala:The Finnish deities, like the ancient gods of Italy, Greece, Egypt, Vedic India or any ancient cosmogony, are generally represented in pairs, and all the gods are probably wedded.

Then a personal deity of the heavens, coupled with the name of his abode, was the next conception; finally this sky-god was chosen to represent the supreme Ruler.

[8]Later on, the sky itself was called taivas and the sky-god Ukko Ylijumala, literally Grandfather or Old Man Overgod.