[1] The Kālāmas and their capital of Kesaputta[2] were located on the Indo-Gangetic Plain between the river Sarayū and the Mallakas to the north, the Gaṅgā to the south, Vārāṇasī to the southwest, and the kingdom of Kosala to the west.

[1] The name of the Kālāma capital, Kesaputta originated from the Sanskrit word keśa, meaning "hair" or "mane."

[1] The Kālāmas were an Indo-Aryan tribe in the eastern Gangetic plain in the Greater Magadha cultural region.

[1] Like the other gaṇasaṅgha, the ruling body of the Kālāma republic was an Assembly of the kṣatriya elders who held the title of rājās (meaning "chiefs").

[1] Unlike the other gaṇasaṅgha, the Kālāmas appear to have been disinterested in Śramaṇa traditions such as Buddhism, which might have been an alternative reason why they did not demand a share of the relics of the Buddha.