Kłobuck was granted town rights in 1339, during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.

According to Jan Długosz, who himself was a canon at Kłobuck, the local St Martin and Margaret Church was built in 1144.

As a result of The Deluge and accordingly because of the increase of levies paid to Jasna Góra monastery, the city began to deteriorate.

In 1807 Kłobuck was incorporated into the short-lived Polish Duchy of Warsaw, and after its dissolution it fell to the Russian Empire in 1815.

During the German invasion of Poland at the start of World War II, on September 1, 1939, the Battle of Mokra took place 5 kilometres north of Kłobuck.

During the war, the town was incorporated into the Third Reich, as part of the County of Blachownia (German: Landkreis Blachstädt), Upper Silesia Province.

Some Jewish families that survived the Holocaust moved to other countries, notably, Australia, Canada, Sweden, Israel and the USA.

After the war, Kłobuck quickly developed in the 1950s and 1960s, when several heavy industry enterprises were opened, and iron ore deposits were found.

About 20% of the town's area is forested, whilst 9% of the land is covered by houses, industrial estates and infrastructure such as roads.