In addition, near every gray house there is a spear, which the Kazakhs do not have.Meanwhile, the word Kara-Kyrgyz roughly means "the Black Kyrgyz", as it was known to the Russians prior to the revolution.

[10] Soon after in the same year, a popular movement occurred near Namangan led by a military leader named Nüzüp biy Esenbay, he led the Kyrgyz, Uzbeks, Tajiks and Kypchak tribes to join this movement to take the advantage of Kokand political situation by having Sherali Khan installed as a puppet monarch in an effort to reform the khanate.

[11][12] As external threats and unstable political situation in Central Asia grew due to various conflicts including the encroaching Russian Empire, which had been establishing outposts nearby.

[18] In accordance with ancient nomadic Kyrgyz traditions, Ormon was dressed in red shoes, seated on a white felt, and was crowned as Khan by having a tebetei placed on his head.

An instituted restrictions were also applied for merchants from Uzbek controlled cities of Ferghana and Tashkent who wished to conduct business with the Kyrgyz tribes.

With Kennesary being driven out from his territory by Russian forces advancing from Orenburg, he and his army retreated to the Zhetysu region, on the border with the Kyrgyz tribes in the Chüy and Ili valleys.

As a response to Ormon hostile actions, in spring 1846, Kennesary and his army invaded the Kara-Kyrgyz khanate lands, raiding the Solto and Sarybagysh tribes.

Kennesary began invading again in April 1847, he led the army of around 20,000 to the Chüy Valley, encamping at the village of Maitobe near the modern city of Tokmok, intending to conquer the Kyrgyz tribes and becoming their Sultan.

Ormon Khan was seeking Russian assistance, but instead he failed to receive it, he then decided to lead the Kyrgyz to repel the invading army.

[28] After this, two Kazakh sultans, Rustem Aspandiaruly and Sypatai [ru], betrayed Kenesary and fled from field, taking a large portion of his army with them.

[24] The captured Kenesary was executed at the Chukar Sengir Hill near the Kara-Suu River, and his head was sent to the Russian commander at Omsk and later brought to Emperor Nicholas I.

[27] The Russians were happy with the death of Kennesary, and rewarded the Kyrgyz leaders, granting Ormon and Jantay with gold medals and gold-embroidered robes.

[24] According to a recorded information from Belek Soltonoev's work "Red Kyrgyz History", during the winter of 1850–1851, Ormon Khan led around 600 retinues along with 80 unmounted horses across a snow-covered ridge pass on the north of Issyk-Kul, breaking through the snowdrifts to reach the Ili region.

[30][31] The two sides began raiding each other, and Ormon officially declared war, receiving assistance from Kokand, who wished to show their value as an ally.

[19][36] After the death of Ormon Khan, his sons Umetaaly and Torogeldi, the commander of the Kyrgyz army, led a series of reprisals against the Bugu tribes, razing their settlements and taking captives.

[42][43] On June 18, 1863, he and his soldiers attacked Russian postal workers who were going to Naryn and killed one of them,[44] and the next day on June 19, with the support of his relatives and the manap of the Sayak tribe, Osman Taylak uulu, and other tribal leaders, he assembled thousands of warriors near the Naryn River at a place called Eki Chat near Kurtka.

Waving Kyrgyz banners and accompanied by drums, they surrounded and engaged a group of 40 Russian soldiers carrying gunpowder and provisions, led by Lieutenant Zubarev, for three days.

[45][36] A detachment of 2,500 soldiers led by Colonel M. G. Chernyaev's took over Auliye-Ata on June 5, 1864, and a part of the force advanced through Talas, occupying Chatkal valley.

That year, Alimqul Atalyk, a Kyrgyz who was the de facto ruler of the Kokand Khanate, undertook a campaign from Toguz-Toro to Kochkor, with Ümötaaly joining him.

He died defending Tashkent, leaving Ümötaaly with only his brother Chargyn and the Sayak manap Osman as trusted allies.

[41] Despite a long resistance against Russia, Umetaaly eventually approached N. A. Severtsov’s troops in the fall of 1867, declaring his full submission to Russian authority, officially ended the khanate rule.

[48] Historian Osmonaaly Sydykov highlights that Ormon Khan governed a vast territory, which included Issyk-Kul, Chüy, At-Bashy, Naryn, Ile, Olyya-Ata (modern-day Taraz), and Namangan, where he exerted control over the Kyrgyz people.

In a letter dated March 23, 1852, Ormon Khan communicated with Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, detailing his efforts to establish the territorial boundaries of the Kyrgyz state.

[49] He mentioned plans to relocate his capital to the right bank of the Ili River, aiming to expand his influence over Kyrgyz lands.

Death sentences were carried out several times annually at a gallows (darga), which was intended to instill fear in both his subjects and neighboring tribes.

[20] The ultimate reason of Ormon Khan laws was directed towards strengthening unity among tribes and re-establishing a strong, centralized Kyrgyz state.