The units of weight that emerged over time as a result of the Carolingian monetary system and its associated pound or Karlspfund, were of great importance for large parts of Europe.
Today, the original weight of the Charlemagne pound can be determined primarily by weighing surviving Carolingian coins from the early period, although a variation of several per cent occurs.
From the middle of the 12th century, several variants of the Carolingian pound emerged in France which were legal tender at different times.
The weight of the livre des poids-de-marc also corresponds very closely to one seventieth of the mass of a French cubic foot of water.
The relatively large deviation of the empirical Karlspfund of almost 0.4% - which is still within the coefficient of variation determined for old weights is due to the later French, slightly larger version.
Thus in creating their derivatives, the leading metrologists of the Holy Roman Empire preserved the Carolingian pound with outstanding precision for over a thousand years.
solidus) was initially only a coin of account, the unminted gold equivalent of 12 silver denarii (denarius = pfennig).
In addition, a distinction must be made between the actual and known values of the dimensions themselves and the tolerances that inevitably occur in "mass production".