[5][6] Karnali is an old civilization connected with the Karnali River[7] Archaeological sites found in Jumla, Surkhet and Dailekh infer that the area was part of the old Khasa kingdom, established during the 11th century.

The kingdom expanded to a great extent in the 13th and 14th century; expanding to Garhwal in the west, Mansarowar and Guge regions of Tibet in the north, Gorkha-Nuwakot regions in the east and Kapilvastu with large areas of Terai in the south.

After the late 14th century, the Khas empire collapsed and was divided into the Baise Rajya (22 principalities) in Karnali-Bheri region.

The principalities were sovereign but intermittently allied among themselves until they were annexed during the unification of modern Nepal from 1744 to 1810.

Karnali is the largest province of Nepal with an area of 27,984 km2 (10,805 sq mi).

The province has occupied higher mountains land of north and mid-hills of Nepal.

Precipitation (mm/in) According to the 2021 Census of Nepal, Karnali Province has a population of 1,688,412 comprising 864,651 females and 823,761 males.

[10] Khas Arya is the largest ethno-linguistic indigenous group in the province, with Chhetri, Kami, Thakuri and Bahun dominating the population.

The Provincial Assembly of Karnali Province is temporarily housed at the Irrigation Division Office in Birendranagar.

[20] It is estimated in 2023, or the year 2078 in Nepal, that more than 96 percent or 1,644,022 of the citizens of Karnali province are forced to drink contaminated water, and only 3 percent or 50,847 of citizens in the province have access to clean drinking water, according to Nepalnews.