Kammaṭṭhāna

"[a] Buddhaghosa uses kammatthana to refer to each of his forty meditation objects listed in the third chapter of the Visuddhimagga, which are partially derived from the Pāli Canon.

'a whole', Sanskrit: 𑀓𑀾𑀢𑁆𑀲𑁆𑀦, romanized: kṛtsna) refers to a class of basic visual objects of meditation used in Theravada Buddhism.

The objects are described in the Pali Canon and summarized in the famous Visuddhimagga meditation treatise as kammaṭṭhāna on which to focus the mind whenever attention drifts.

[4] Uppalavannā, one of the Buddha's chief female disciples, famously attained arahantship using a fire (tejo) kasina as her object of meditation.

They are: The next ten are recollections (anussati): Four are 'stations of Brahma', which are the virtues of the "Brahma realm" (Pāli: Brahmaloka): Four are formless states (four arūpa-āyatana): Of the remaining five, one is of perception of disgust of food (aharepatikulasanna) and the last four are the 'four great elements' (catudhatuvavatthana): earth (pathavi), water (apo), fire (tejo), air (vayo).

According to Gunaratana, following Buddhaghosa, due to the simplicity of subject matter, all four jhanas can be induced through ānāpānasati (mindfulness of breathing) and the ten kasinas.

[13] According to Gunaratana, the following meditation subjects only lead to "access concentration" (upacara samadhi), due to their complexity: the recollection of the Buddha, dharma, sangha, morality, liberality, wholesome attributes of Devas, death, and peace; the perception of disgust of food; and the analysis of the four elements.

[13] The Visuddhimagga is one of the extremely rare texts within the enormous literature of Buddhism to give explicit details about how spiritual masters are thought to actually manifest supernormal abilities.