[5] Schulz won a seat in the two-member District 4A in Frederick County by finishing first in a field of five candidates in the 2010 Maryland House of Delegates election.

[10] On December 17, 2014, Governor-Elect Larry Hogan announced at a press conference that he had chosen Schulz to be his Secretary for the Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation.

[5] As Secretary of Labor, Schulz sought to improve Maryland's image among businesses[12] and piloted apprenticeship programs to prepare youth for STEM careers.

[26] On April 14, 2021, Schulz announced that she would vie to become the state's first female governor by running to be the Republican nominee in the 2022 Maryland gubernatorial election.

[30][31] During the primary, Schulz was noted for withdrawing from many of the candidate forums held around the state, refusing to take a stage with her main opponent Dan Cox.

[39] The Democratic Governors Association (DGA) spent $1 million on television ads promoting Cox, believing him to be a weaker opponent in a deep blue state.

[4][37] Schulz declined to endorse Cox after conceding on July 29, predicting correctly that Democratic nominee Wes Moore would defeat him in the general election.

[43][44] Jim Dornan, who worked as an on-and-off political strategist for the Schulz campaign, attributed Cox's primary victory to Trump's endorsement and the DGA ad blitz.

Other observers, including former Maryland lieutenant governor and Republican National Committee chair Michael Steele, said the ads had little impact on voters.

Steele noted that neo-Confederate activist Michael Peroutka won his primary to be the GOP's candidate for Maryland Attorney General by an almost identical margin to Cox without DGA ads.

[45] In October 2022, the Maryland Tech Council announced that Schulz would serve as the trade association's CEO, beginning on November 1.

[6][49] In August 2013, Schulz called for an investigation into the integrity of Maryland's elections in the state after conservative activist group True the Vote claimed to find 173 cases of interstate voter fraud in Florida.

The second bill would have allowed owners of assault weapons to repair broken parts of a firearm that is registered with the Maryland State Police.

[16] In December 2013, Schulz wrote an op-ed for the Frederick News-Post criticizing legislation that would raise the state's minimum wage from $7.25 to $10 per hour.