Kentrocapros flavofasciatus was first formally described in 2023 by the Japanese ichthyologist Toshiji Kamohara with its type locality given as Urado, Kochi, Japan.

[3] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the genus Kentrocapros in the family Aracanidae which is in the suborder Ostracioidea within the order Tetraodontiformes.

[4] Kentrocapros flavofasciatus is classified within the genus Kentrocapros, a name which combines kentro meaning "thorn" or "spine", a reference to the spiny ridge along the flanks of the type species, K. aculeatus, with capros, meaning "wild boar".

In the northwestern Pacific it is found from Jeju Island, southern Japan, the East China Sea, Taiwan and Vietnam.

[1] In the southwestern Pacific it is found off New Caledonia and along the Lord Howe Rise, and in Austrlia from Cairns, Queensland south to Moruya, New South Wales, it is also found off the Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia, and has been reported from Hawaii.