[4] The conflict ended in a cease-fire, after an Organisation of African Unity summit was held in Kinshasa and Kenyan and Somalian delegates decided to reach an agreement on the fate of the NFD.

[5] At the time under British colonial administration, the northern half of Jubaland was ceded to Italy as a reward for the Italians' support of the Allies during World War I.

[5] From the 2010s onwards, during the administration of Ahmed Madobe, ties between Kenya and Jubaland have deepened, particularly in the form of economic and military cooperation.

[11] In 2013, UNHCR, the governments of Kenya and Somalia signed a tripartite agreement facilitating the repatriation of Somali refugees at the Dadaab camp.

Food ration or cash cuts are resulting in negative coping strategies to meet their basic food needs – such as skipping or reducing meals, taking loans with high interest, selling assets, child labour, and increased domestic violence.” [14] Kenya and Somalia are involved in a maritime boundary dispute in the northern part of the Indian Ocean.

[18] However, this MoU was later rejected by the Transitional Federal Parliament of Somalia in October 2009 on the grounds that it was not customary that a Minister signed a binding bilateral agreement, thus declaring it void and non-actionable.

[20] On August 28, 2014, following unfruitful negotiations and alleged sovereignty violations by Kenya, Somalia filed an application to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for the determination of a single course of a maritime boundary, including the continental shelf beyond 200nm.

The second objection is based on Kenya’s allegation of both parties have agreed to a method of settlement other than recourse to the Court, under the optional clause declaration (Art.

[24] However, Kenya still refuses to recognize the Court’s jurisdiction on the case, and the effects of the judgement remain unclear as the ICJ has no means to enforce its rulings.

[25] Nevertheless, the ruling will most likely raise the tensions to a new level, affecting several cooperation efforts, especially in terms of maritime security issues in the area such as piracy, among others.

[21] Moreover, Kenya could be expected to pay reparations for its oil and gas exploration and exploitation activities in the territory now ruled to belong to Somalia.

[17] In terms of diplomacy, the tensions were latent as in February 2019, Kenya summoned its ambassador to Somalia back home and asked his Somalia counterpart Mohammed Muhamud Nur to return to Mogadishu for consultation with his government after the Somali government's decision to auction oil and gas exploration blocks at the centre of the two countries' maritime territorial dispute in the Indian Ocean.

[29] Additionally, in February 2021, the chairman of the Pan African Forum sought United Nations intervention over the Kenya-Somalia maritime case at the International Court of Justice.

In his letter to António Guterres, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, he said that since Mohamed took over power tensions in the region had accelerated, “Farmaajo seems to be in a predicament due to the undue pressure by external forces, namely Turkey, UAE and Qatar, Norway and to some extent France”.