From 1902 to 1906, the Kharkov Mathematical Society was headed by Vladimir Steklov, the outstanding student of Aleksandr Lyapunov, who later organized and became the first director of the Institute of Physics and Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow.
Since 1906 and for the next almost forty years the Society was headed by a well-known geometer Dmitrii Sintsov.
Due to his initiatives, the activities of the Society significantly contributed to the improvement of mathematical education in Kharkov.
Later, the Society was headed by Aleksei Pogorelov, Vladimir Marchenko, Iossif Ostrovskii.
At different times, members of society were Konstantin Andreev, Naum Akhiezer, Yeugen von Beyer, Sergei Bernstein, Yakov Blank, Alexander Borisenko, Valentina Borok, Dmitry Grave, Israel Glazman, Vladimir Drinfeld, Gershon Drinfeld, Alexandre Eremenko, Emmanuil Zhmud, Vladimir Kadets, Mikhail Kadets, Mark Krein, Lev Landau, Naum Landkof, Boris Levin, Boris Levitan, Mikhail Livsic, Yury Lyubich, Aleksandr Lyapunov, Vladimir Marchenko, Anatoly Myshkis, Iossif Ostrovskii, Leonid Pastur, Alexander Povzner, Aleksei Pogorelov, Dmitrii Sintsov, Vladimir Steklov, Anton Sushkevich, Gennady Feldman, Yeugen Kruslov, Igor Chueshov, Dmitry Shepelsky, Maria Scherbina.