Kingdom of Gujarat

The kingdom was ruled by two related dynasties, the Chaulukyas and the Vaghelas, for a period of nearly four centuries and was ultimately conquered by the Delhi Sultanate as the Gujarat Province.

Bhima fled to Kanthkot, as Mahmud entered the Chaulukya territory unopposed and sacked the Somnath temple.

Bhoja's brother Udayaditya, supported by the Shakambhari Chahamana king Vigraharaja III, forced Karna to retreat from Malwa.

By 1074 CE, Karna evicted the Kalachuris from Lata, and annexed the region to the Chaulukya kingdom, before losing it to one Trivikramapala within three years.

[23] According to legendary chronicles, Karna also defeated Bhil and Koli tribals, who used to raid the Chaulukya territories.

He established a city called Karnavati after defeating a Bhil chief named Asha (Āśā).

[25] The Naddula Chahamana ruler Asharaja, who had been dethroned by his rival Ratnapala, became a vassal of Jayasimha sometime before 1143 CE.

[34] After Jayasimha's death, Kumarapala came back to the Chaulukya capital and ascended the throne in 1043 CE, with help of his brother-in-law Kanhadadeva.

[39] The Shakambhari Chahamana-Chaulukya relations seem to have become more cordial when Arnoraja's son (and Jayasimha's grandson) Someshvara became the Chahamana king in later years, possibly with support from Kumarapala.

[40] After Jayasimha's death, the Paramara king Jayavarman I regained control of Malwa, but he was soon dethroned by an usurper named Ballala.

[45] Historical evidence suggests that Kumarapala's empire extended from Chittor and Jaisalmer in the north to the Vindhyas and the Tapti river in the south (ignoring his raid of the Shilahara kingdom of northern Konkana).

[48][49] Taking advantage of the young age of Bhima II, some provincial governors rebelled against him in order to establish independent states.

[52] During Bhima's reign, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala II seems to have raided the Lata region.

[53] The Yadava ruler Bhillama V also invaded Gujarat, but was forced to retreat by Bhima's feudatory Kelhanadeva.

On 4 February 1197 CE, the Ghurid general Qutb al-Din Aibak invaded Bhima's capital Anahilapataka, and inflicted a massive defeat on the Chaulukyas.

[55] Bhima's generals Lavanaprasada and Shridhara later forced the Ghurids to retreat, and the capital was back under the Chaulukya rule by 1201 CE.

[56] Subhatavarman, the Paramara king of Malwa, invaded the Lata region around 1204 CE, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by the Ghurid invasions.

[59] Meanwhile, the Yadavas invaded the southern part of the Chaulukya kingdom, led by Bhillama's successors Jaitugi and Simhana.

How he usurped the power is uncertain: it is possible the last Chaulukya king Tribhuvanapala died heirless or was defeated by Visaladeva.

Other medieval chroniclers give different accounts of this incident, some of them omitting the bit about Kamala Devi's request.

[78] In fact, Kirtikaumudi, the biography of Vastupala, written by Someshvara, a royal priest, is also an important source of the history of the dynasty.

[79][80] Visala-deva constructed or restored the fort of Dharbhavati (Dabhoi) which is well known for its elaborate carvings and gates.

[82] The Madhavav in Wadhwan was built in 1294 AD (Vikram Samvat 1350) by Nagar Brahmin Madhav and Keshav, the ministers in court of the last Vaghela ruler Karna.

[82] The building activities of Vastupala and Tejpala are mentioned in inscriptions as well as in works of contemporary writers.

These works include Someshvara's Kirtikaumudi, Jayasimhasuri's Shakunika-vihara-prashasti, Udayaprabhasuri's Dharmabhyudaya-mahakavya and Sukrita-kirtikallolini, Arisimha's Sukritasamkirtanam, Narendraprabhasuri's prashashti, Vijayasenasuri's Revantagiri-rasu and Palhanaputra's Abu-rasa.

[81] More than fifty temples were built by Vastupala and Tejapala apart from large number of renovations and image installations.

He also built temples at Tharad, Karnavati, Godhra, Shatrunjaya, Girnar, Pavagadh, Navsari and several other places.

[81] During Vaghela rule, the Gadhaiya coins increasingly lost its intrinsic value which was stayed unchanged for two centuries under Chaulukyas.

Another coins of Karna-deva has Kumbha (vase) on its obverse enclosed in border made of dots and lines while reverse has the same legend.

Another type of his coins of copper depicted lion facing left on obverse and the same legend on reverse.

A 1010 CE copper-plate inscription from the reign of Durlabharaja
The Somnath temple today.
Vishnu and attendants, Gujarat, India, Solanki period, c. 1026 AD. Dallas Museum of Art .
Jain Shvetambara Tirthankara in Meditation, Chaulukya period now in Metropolitan Museum of Art, c. 1000 – c. 1050
Balcony of Hira gate of Dabhoi fort
Ceiling of one of Dilwara Jain Temples