Kingdom of Tanur

The region was also the birthplace of the famous poets Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, celebrated as "the father of modern Malayalam", and Vallathol Narayana Menon, the founder of Kerala Kalamandalam.

Scholars from the school made significant advancements in addressing astronomical problems and independently developed a number of important mathematical concepts, including series expansion for trigonometric functions.

The divisions were as follows:[11] The ancient port of Tyndis, mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, was located on the northern side of Muziris and is believed to have been situated near Tanur.

[13] Pliny the Elder, writing in the 1st century CE, noted that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (Chera dynasty).

[20] The primary objective of these conquests was not territorial expansion but rather control of strategic ports and the fertile paddy fields of the Bharathappuzha (Nila) river valley.

[20] The successors of the Zamorin, known as the Eralpads, governed the banks of the Bharathappuzha river after the annexation of territories formerly belonging to Vettathunadu and neighbouring principalities.

[2] As part of their allegiance, all feudatories, including the Vettathunadu king, were required to send flags to Thirunavaya during the festival as a symbol of respect for the Zamorin.

[11] After the raid on Cranganore in October 1504, Lopo Soares de Albergaria, commander of the Sixth Portuguese Indian Armada, received an urgent appeal from the ruler of Tanur.

[2] The Vettathuraja reported that a Calicut column, personally led by the Zamorin, had been hastily assembled to counter the Portuguese hold on Cranganore.

Responding to his request, Lopo Soares dispatched Pêro Rafael with a caravel and a sizeable Portuguese armed contingent to aid Tanur.

[22] Equally devastating were the battles at Cranganore and Tanur, involving significant numbers of Malabari captains and troops, which exposed the waning authority of the Zamorin.

[22] On 31 December 1504, commander Lopo Soares de Albergaria set out from Cochin with plans to dock briefly at the port of Ponnani to pay respects to his newly aligned ally, the king of Vettam.

In these towns, there is much shipping and trade, for these Moors is great merchants.Correa (1521) praises the kingdom's hospitality, saying:[10]…and the lord of Tanor (Vettathuraja), who carried on a great sea-trade with many ships, which trafficked all about the coast of India with passes from our (Portuguese) Governors, for he only dealt in wares of the country; and thus he was the greatest possible friend of the Portuguese, and those who went to his dwelling were entertained with the greatest honour, as if they had been his brothers.

In fact, for this purpose he kept houses fitted up, and both cots and bed-steads furnished in our fashion, with tables and chairs and casks of wine, with which he regaled our people, giving them entertainments and banquets, insomuch that it seemed as if he were going to become a Christian…Muslim merchants in the region remained steadfastly allied with the Zamorin of Calicut.

[3] In 1523, a bold merchant from Tanur demonstrated his loyalty by sailing a fleet of 8 ships and 40 boats from Calicut to the Red Sea before the eyes of the Portuguese viceroy Duarte de Menezes.

Immediately upon procuring the consent of the Zamorin to construct the fort, Nuno da Cunha set out from Goa with 150 sail of vessels, in which were 3,000 Portuguese troops and 1,000 native Lascarines.

So much diligence was used in carrying on the work—with even the gentlemen participating in the labour—that in twenty-six days it was in a defensible situation, being surrounded by a rampart nine feet thick and of sufficient height, strengthened by towers, bastions, and bulwarks.

[25] The Samoothiri soon regretted allowing this fort to be built in his dominions, and endeavoured ineffectually to induce the rebellious kings—the Parappanatturaja, the Caramanlii (King of Beypore?

[3] The king of Vettam, after a protracted fight, was compelled to surrender some of his lands near Ponnāni and Chāliyam island;[3] however, the Portuguese fort could not be destroyed.

[3] By 1540, the Zamorin entered into an agreement with the Portuguese and stopped the war, but skirmishes continued in the seas by Moplah navigators based at Ponnāni.

In fact, it was his close political (and religious ties) to the Portuguese that may have brought him certain disadvantages on the complicated checkerboard of power relations on the Malabar Coast.

[3] An urgent ad hoc consultation headed by Governor Jorge Cabral debated this issue and drafted some of the first typically accommodationist propositions.

[2] After negotiations, rendered even more complicated by the appointment of the new Portuguese viceroy, Dom Affonso de Noronha, the conflict remained unsettled and the amuck runners of the deceased King of Vadakkumkur wreaked havoc in the town of Kochi.

He had been officially sent by the bishop, Juan de Albuquerque, to instruct the Vettathuraja reputed to have been secretly converted to Christianity the previous year.

[6][3] By this time, the situation had somewhat changed: the Vettathuraja was secretly converted by the vicar in Chaliyam, João Soares, and the Franciscan Frey Vicente de Lagos, who gave the neophyte a metal crucifix to hang onto a thread, "hidden on his chest".

[6][3] Gomes was allowed to build the church in Tanur, to baptise the Vettathuraja's wife as Dona Maria, and to perform Christian marriage rites for the kingly couple—all this was done in secret (ocultamente).

[11] Antonio Fernandes de Chaliyam (Chale) held an important command under Portuguese generals, and was raised to the dignity of a knight of the military Order of Christ.

[2] In 1661, the Dutch led the allies of the dispossessed prince, with the armies of Zamorin of Calicut, against the Portuguese and the ruling Cochin king (Tānūr adoptee).

In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including series expansion for trigonometric functions.

[8] They used this to discover a semi-rigorous proof of the result: for large n. They applied ideas from (what was to become) differential and integral calculus to obtain (Taylor–Maclaurin) infinite series representations for