Kitab kuning

It is also known as kitab gundul (lit: bare book) due to the content in the Arabic language does not employ vowel marks (harakat), unlike the Qur'an.

[1] Collections of the Islamic texts employed as kitab kuning may vary, depending on the type of institution, individual schools, kyai, and region, with certain prerequisite materials such as Tafsir al-Jalalayn.

As for the people who mastered the rules of Arabic grammar, they weren't required to employ harakat in their readings.

In Indonesia, the religious texts that read by these people were then specifically designated as kitab gundul in order to distinguish them from the book written with the diacritical aids.

[3] Today, kitab kunings are mostly converted into electronic book files, such as chm and pdf, and distributed through the computer software namely Maktabah Syamila among santris of modern pesantrens.

A mentoring session in pesantren . Kitab kuning is often employed and translated during such activities.