Konkomba is a Gurma language spoken in Ghana, Togo[1] and Burkina Faso.
The Konkomba language has several dialects, including, but not limited to, Lichaboil, Ligbeln, Likoonli, Limonkpeln and Linafeel.
[2][3] The dialects of Konkomba emerged because different families and groups settled together and adopted unique pronunciation and vocabulary patterns, forming what could be called uniform dialect groupings.
This type of variation can be heard in Likpakpaanl, depending on the geographic area or what clan is dominant in a particular settlement.
Other Bikpakpaam dialects classifications include Linankpel (Nankpantiib), Likpalil (Bikpalib), Linandeln (Binandim), Lisagmaln (Sagmantiib), and Linalol (Binalob).
This literature includes primers for teaching, a dictionary, storybooks, and folk tales.
There is also a full translation of the Bible in Likpakpaanl, created through the work of GILLBT and GIL, Mary Steele, and RILADEP (formerly KOLADEP, Konkomba Literacy and Development Project).
It is part of the Gurma subgroup, which also includes several other languages such as Gourmanche and Miyobe.
a, b, (c), ch, d, e, f, g, gb, i, j, k, kp, l, m, n, ny, ŋ, ŋm, o, ɔ, p, r, s, t, u, w, y.
Under the current convention, long and short vowels are distinguished by the use of single and double letters respectively.
The letter c outside the digraph ch is listed by GILLBT's Likpakpaani Dictionary, but not in other sources.
In contrast to many other Gur languages, Likpakpaanl tones have no grammatical function.
úpííúpíí„woman.“úpììúpìì„Sheep.“There are two-level tones; low (⸜) and high (⸝), which are used to distinguish between perfective and habitual aspects.
N1SGdààbuy.PFVlòòr.carN dàà lòòr.1SG buy.PFV car„I have bought a car.“[5]Bì3PLchèèharvest.PFVì-mùùl.NC-riceBì chèè ì-mùùl.3PL harvest.PFV NC-rice„They harvested rice.“[5]N1SGdáábuy.HABlòòr-tiibcar-PLN dáá lòòr-tiib1SG buy.HAB car-PL„I buy cars regularly.“[5]Bì3PLchééharvest.HABì-mùùl.NC-riceBì chéé ì-mùùl.3PL harvest.HAB NC-rice„They harvest rice regularly.“[5]Personal pronouns can either occur preverbally or postvebally.
[8] Ù-bòNC-childùRELdààbuylòòrcarnà.REL.DETÙ-bò ù dàà lòòr nà.NC-child REL buy car REL.DET„The child who bought a car.“[8]JohnJohndààbuyì-gbéérNC-pigìRELdɔliedòòherenà.REL.DETJohn dàà ì-gbéér ì dɔ dòò nà.John buy NC-pig REL lie here REL.DET„John bought pigs (that) are lying here.“[8]Demonstrative pronouns are formed by the noun class prefix of the particular noun and the suffix -mìnà.
AdamAdamféHEST.PSTtunworkfénna.yesterdayAdam fé tun fénna.Adam HEST.PST work yesterday„Adam worked yesterday.“[5]AdamAdamféHEST.PSTkɔrslaughterukɔlafowlfénna.yesterdayAdam fé kɔr ukɔla fénna.Adam HEST.PST slaughter fowl yesterday„Adam slaughtered fowl yesterday.“[5]KonjaKonjamèèbeg.PSTSamSamlèFOCki-gbanNC-bookdin.todayKonja mèè Sam lè ki-gban din.Konja beg.PST Sam FOC NC-book today„Konja begged a booked from Sam.“[5]The VP consists of the main verb and preverbal particles encoding Tense, Aspect and Mood.
Then He opened His mouth and taught them, saying: 'Blessed are the poor in spirit, For theirs is the kingdom of heaven.