The attack ended in victory for Korea, which gained some control over Jiandao until the Gando Convention of 1909.

[3] When Russian troops captured Manchuria during the Boxer Rebellion, Korea saw this as an opportunity to settle its border disputes with Qing China.

In 1901, Korean General Yi Hak-gyun, Diplomat Sands in Korea, and captain Payeur were sent to observe Jiandao.

The French envoy, Victor Collin de Plancy, reported that Korean government would benefit by taxing Jiandao's inhabitants, and would increase jobs and influence by sending officials there.

When police forces were stationed in Jiandao, the purpose of Jinwidae was changed to border protection.

[10] In 1904, the Japanese embassy in Korea reported the Korean government as claiming that there was no document that explicitly recorded Jiandao as part of the Qing territory.

[11] From September 1903, Yi began to build up an armed force, digging extensive trenches between Bongcheon (now Shenyang), Manchuria, Jilin, and Jiandao.

[16] Professor Yi Tae-jin of Seoul University claimed that the Koreans regarded the Japanese interference as an invasion because the Japanese and Russians were fighting in the Russo-Japanese War and the Sapodae fought alongside the Russians to defend Jiandao.

"在滿韓人의 國籍問題 硏究(1881~1911) = (A)study on the issues of nationality concerning Korean people in Manchu territory, 1881-1911".