Charalampidis began his career playing with the youth teams of the Greek club Makedonikos Neapolis.
In 2009, he moved to the Greek club Panellinios Athens, where he was named to the All-EuroCup Second Team, for the 2009–10 season.
After being unable to overcome the knee injury, he officially announced his retirement from his pro basketball playing career in 2016.
Charalampidis played with Greece's junior national team at the 1999 World University Games.
In the summer of 2020, Charalampidis became an assistant coach with the Greek EuroLeague club Panathinaikos Athens.