Laurence Chaderton (c. September 1536 – 13 November 1640) was an English Puritan divine, the first Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge and one of the translators of the King James Version of the Bible.

In 1567, he was elected a fellow of his college; subsequently, he was chosen lecturer of St Clement's Church, Cambridge, where he preached to admiring audiences for many years.

So great was his reputation that when Sir Walter Mildmay, Chancellor of the Exchequer to Elizabeth I, founded Emmanuel College, Cambridge in 1584, he chose Chaderton for the first master, and on his expressing some reluctance, declared that if he would not accept the office the foundation should not go on.

Fearing that he might have a successor who held Arminian doctrines, he resigned the mastership in favour of John Preston in 1622, but survived him, and lived also to see the college presided over successively by William Sancroft and Richard Holdsworth.

Chaderton published a sermon preached at St Paul's Cross about 1580, and a treatise of his On Justification was printed by Anthony Thysius, professor of divinity at Leiden.