Goeßling began her career at her local football club SV Löhne-Obernbeck.

Goeßling played two seasons in the second Bundesliga with Gütersloh, before joining the top division side SC 07 Bad Neuenahr in 2006.

After five years and 97 games for the club, she announced her transfer to VfL Wolfsburg for the 2011–12 season.

In February 2008, Goeßling made her debut for the German national team against China.

She was part of the squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics, where Germany won the gold medal.