Liber Studiorum (Latin: Book of Studies[2]) is a collection of prints by J. M. W. Turner.
[4] The original models for the printmakers to follow were mainly in sepia watercolour, sometimes with elements in pencil and other media, and are now in Tate Britain as part of the Turner Bequest.
There are also numerous less formal drawings and watercolour studies in the Tate of the same subjects made by Turner on the spot or later.
[5][6] Subsequent to the initial printing, the late 19th, early 20th century artist Frank Short made successful reprintings with the plates, though many of the finer details had worn down.
Loosely based on Claude Lorrain's Liber Veritatis (Book of Truth);[6] the plates were meant to be widely disseminated, and categorised the genre into six types: Marine, Mountainous, Pastoral, Historical, Architectural, and Elevated or Epic Pastoral.