Emperor Alexander II sent a letter, dated 29 October 1862, to Miguel de San Román, president of Peru, congratulating him on his election and expressing his desire to maintain friendly relations between the Russian Empire and Peru.

[1][2] The two countries signed their first official document, a Trade and Navigation Agreement in 1874, and by 1909 Peru had six consular missions in the Russian Empire: in Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Riga, Warsaw, Odesa and Kherson.

[2] Relations at the embassy level between the Soviet Union and Peru were established on 1 February 1969.

[1][2][3] Relations were strengthened after the 1970 Ancash earthquake, with the Soviet Union sending helicopters and medical aid.

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Peru recognised the Russian Federation as its successor state on 26 December 1991.