During the 1980s and 1990s, a relatively large number of companies appeared selling primarily 2D graphics cards and later 3D.
Most of those companies have subsequently disappeared, as the increasing complexity of GPUs substantially increased research and development costs.
Amongst the notable discrete graphics card vendors, AMD and Nvidia are the only ones that have lasted.
In 2022, Intel entered the discrete GPU market with the Arc series and has three more generations confirmed on two year release schedules.
Many of the companies listed below also design(ed) graphics cards.