The system of Czech and Slovak doctoral degrees has been inherited from Czechoslovakia and is for a large part identical.
Applicants need a master's degree or a post-graduate degree (5 years+) comparable to Master level or higher and have to write a thesis of 50,000-80,000 words and defend this thesis in a viva voce and a rigorous examination in at least 2-3 subjects.
The higher doctorate is issued in varieies dependent on the field:[2] This list is comprehensive list of doctoral decrees granted by Finnish universities, based on the Government decree on university degrees.
Typically, the candidate will submit a collection of work which has been previously published in a peer-reviewed context and/or as specialist textbooks and pay an examination fee.
The university then assembles a committee of academics, both internal and external, who review the work submitted and decide whether the candidate has satisfied the requirements for the award.