Land surface temperatures of 8–15 March 2012.
Land surface temperatures
are distinct from the air temperatures that meteorological stations typically measure.
Maximum temperatures from 2–8 August 2015. Dark red represents temperatures between 35 and 40 °C (95 and 104 °F).
Peak land surface temperatures from 7–14 February 2017, as mapped by satellite during the 2017 Australian heatwave.
Air temperatures in India and Pakistan during the 2019 heat wave.
2023's June–July-August season was the warmest on record globally by a large margin, as El Niño conditions continued to develop.
[
139
]
September 2023 was the warmest September on record globally, with an average surface air temperature 0.5 °C above the temperature of the previous warmest September (2020).
[
140
]