Hybrid birds of paradise may occur when individuals of different species, that look similar and have overlapping ranges, mate and produce offspring.
Erwin Stresemann hypothesised that hybridisation among birds-of-paradise might explain why so many of the described species were so rare.
Many of the species described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are now generally considered to be hybrids, though some are still subject to dispute; their status is unlikely to be settled definitely without genetic examination of museum specimens.
From a DNA study of these specimens, Thörn et al. (2024) confirmed the majority of the hybrid identities proposed by Stresemann, with none of them representing distinct species.
[3] On 15 May 2004, New Scientist published one of these paintings, which depicts a bird that most closely resembles the twelve-wired bird-of-paradise, although there are several obvious differences.