List of international cricketers called for throwing

The rules relates to the bending of the arm at the elbow, the extent of which has always been open to interpretation by the umpires.

The issue is often highly emotive with accusers considering that deliveries with an illegal action are akin to cheating.

Often the player has been able to modify his action to appease his critics and the umpires, but more commonly, especially when the bowler has been called on more than one occasion, his career in international cricket is effectively ended.

For many spinners, especially off-spinners, they are susceptible to be called for throwing when they have a front-on approach because the elbow gets in front of the wrist upon release, especially bowling doosra.

In March 2014, following an intellectual property dispute surrounding upper limb modelling protocols, the University of Western Australia withdraws its services to International Cricket Council and the ICC take all testing in house.