List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe

Part of the Roman Empire, within the province of Macedonia (148 BC – 324 AD) Part of the  Byzantine Empire, within the province of Macedonia (324–1190) Principality of Arbanon (1190–1255) Kingdom of Albania (1272–1368) Lordship of Berat (1396–1417) Principality of Valona (1346–1417) Despotate of Angelokastron and Lepanto (1358–1374) Despotate of Arta (1359–1416) Princedom of Albania (1368–1392) Principality of Gjirokastër (1386–1418) Principality of Dukagjini (1387–1444) Principality of Kastrioti (1389–1444) Most Serene Republic of Venice (1420–1797) League of Lezhë (1444 – c. 1468) Ottoman Empire (1479–1912) Independent Albania (1912–1914) Principality of Albania (1914–1925) Albanian Republic (1925–1928) Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943) Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944) Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) People's Republic of Albania (1946–1976) People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1976–1991) Republic of Albania (1991–present) Paeonia (kingdom) Tylis (277 -212 BC) Thracian kingdom (Roman vassal state) (30 BC – 46 AD) [5][6][7] Province of Thracia, Roman Empire (46–395) Eastern Roman Empire Province of Thracia (395–628) Eastern Roman Empire (628–680) Bulgars (Utigurs, Kutrigurs, Onogurs?)

(469 – 632) Old Great Bulgaria (632–668) First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396/1422) Despotate of Dobruja (1356 - 1411) Tsardom of Vidin (1356 - 1396) Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908) (sovereignty within Ottoman Empire) Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946) People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990) Republic of Bulgaria (1990–present) Roman Republic (58–27 BC), Roman Empire (27 BC – 395 AD) Byzantine Empire (395–1191) Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489 AD),  Most Serene Republic of Venice (1489–1570) Ottoman Empire (1570–1914) Crown Colony of Cyprus (1914–1960) Republic of Cyprus (1960–present) Gallic Empire (260 - 274)  Kingdom of the Franks (481–800) Carolingian Empire (800–843) West Francia (843–987) Lotharingia (855 - 959) Duchy of Normandy (911 - 1259) Duchy of Brittany (939–1532)  Kingdom of France (987–1791) French Kingdom (1791–1792) French Republic (1792–1804) First French Empire (1804–1814; 1815) Kingdom of France (1814–1815; 1815–1830) July Monarchy (1830–1848) French Republic (1848–1852) Second French Empire (1852–1870) French Republic (1870–1940) French State (1940–1944) Free France (1940–1944) Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944–1946) French Republic (1946–present) Kingdom of Abkhazia (778–1008) Caucasian Iberia (c. 301 BC – 580) Principality of Iberia (580–891) Kingdom of Iberia (mostly titular revival) (891–1008) Roman Empire Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1465) Russian Empire (1801–1917) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922) (republic of the Soviet Union) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (republic of the Soviet Union) Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (republic of the Soviet Union) Republic of Georgia (1990–1995) (republic of the Soviet Union to 1991) Georgia (1995–present) Holy Roman Empire (800/962–1806)Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813) (client states of the French Empire) and Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871) German Confederation (1815–1848) German Reich (1848–1849) German Confederation (1849–1866) North German Confederation (1866–1871) German Reich (1871–1918) German Reich (1919–1933) and Territory of the Saar Basin (1920–1935) (French League of Nations mandate) German Reich (1934–1945) Allied-occupied Germany (1945–1949) Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) (1949–1990), West Berlin (1949–1990), Saar Protectorate (1947–1956) (French protectorate) and  German Democratic Republic (East Germany) (1949–1990) Federal Republic of Germany (1990–present) (Modern Germany is a continuation of the Federal Republic, it is not a successor state) Mycenaean Greece (1750 - 1050 BC) Ancient Greek city states and kingdoms (900–146 BC) Hellenic League (338–332 BC) Macedonian Empire (335–323 BC – Macedonian Kingdom existed since 808 BC) Delian League (488 - 404 BC) Aetolian League (4th century - 188 BC) Hellinistic States (323–146 BC) Achaean League (280 - 146 BC) Roman Republic (146–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC – 395 AD)  Byzantine Empire (395–1204, 1261–1453), Despotate of Epirus (1205–1337, 1356–1479 Byzantine Successor), Crusader/Feudal/Latin States: Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204–1261), Duchy of Athens (1205–1458), Principality of Achaea (1205–1432), Genoa (1261–1566), Venice (c. 1200s–1479) Ottoman Empire (c.1300s–1920), Kingdom of Candia (1205–1669), Kingdom of the Morea (1688–1715), Ionian Islands under Venetian rule (1363–1797), French Republic (1797–1799 Ionian Islands), Septinsular Republic (1800–1815) Hellenic State (1822–1832) (named "Provisional Administration of Greece" from 1822–1828), United States of the Ionian Islands (1815–1864) Kingdom of Greece (1832–1924), Cretan State (1896–1913) (autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire), Free State of Icaria (1912) Hellenic Republic (1924–1935) Kingdom of Greece (1935–1941) Hellenic State (1941–1944) (Puppet state of Italy and Germany (1941–43), Puppet state of Germany (1943–44), Government in Exile (September–October 1944)) Kingdom of Greece (1944–1973) Hellenic Republic (1973–present) Roman Kingdom (753 BC – 509 BC) Roman Republic (509–27 BC) Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD)  Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Italy) (476–1071):  Exarchate of Ravenna (584–751):  Duchy of Rome (536–756) Kingdom of Italy (476–493) (Vassal state of the Eastern Roman Empire)  Ostrogothic Kingdom (493–553)The Italian peninsula divided into many states 568–1861, among them:  Kingdom of the Lombards (568–774) Republic of Venice (697–1797)  Papal States (754–1870)  Kingdom of the Franks (774–800) Carolingian Empire (800–843)Kingdom of Middle Francia (843–855) Kingdom of Italy (855–1801) Republic of Ancona (11th century - 1532) Republic of Genoa (11th century – 1797) Republic of Florence (1115 - 1569)  Kingdom of Sicily (under Habsburg Spain) (1130–1816) Kingdom of Naples (under Habsburg Spain) (1282–1799, 1799–1816)  Kingdom of Sardinia (under Habsburg Spain) (1324–1861) Republic of Ragusa (1358 -1808) Duchy of Milan (Imperial fief under Habsburg Spain) (1395–1447, 1450–1796)  Duchy of Savoy (Imperial fief) (1416–1792, 1814–1847) Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569–1801, 1814–1859, 1859–1860)  Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) Italian Social Republic (Republic of Salò) (1943–1945) Italian Republic (1946–present) Golden Horde (1240s–1456) Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847)  Russian Empire (1735/1860–1919) Alash Autonomy (1917–1920) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (a.k.a.

Soviet Russia, 1919–1922) Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1936), federated state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1919–1936) (itself a republic of the Soviet Union after 1922) Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union) Republic of Kazakhstan[4] (1991–present) County of Vaduz (1342-1719) (within the Holy Roman Empire) Principality of Liechtenstein (1719–present) (within the German Confederation 1815–1866) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) Russian Tsardom (1795–1812) French Occupation (1812) Russian Tsardom (1812–1914) German Occupation (1914–1918) Kingdom of Lithuania (1918) Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940) Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940–1990/1991) (de facto republic of the Soviet Union) Republic of Lithuania (1918–present, legal succession; de facto 1918–1940 and 1990–present)[9][10] Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) North Sea Empire (1016–1035) Kalmar Union (1397–1523) Denmark–Norway (1536–1814) Kingdom of Norway (1814) United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905) Kingdom of Norway (1905–1940) Kingdom of Norway (1945–present) Russian Empire (1612–1917) Russian Republic (1917) Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917–1991) (republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991) Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922–1991) (a federal state) Russian Federation (1991–present) (a federal state, currently have 89 federal subjects.

Six federal subjects are not internationally recognized as part of Russia.

[14]) Seljuq Empire (1037–1194)Sultanate of Rum (1077–1307) Karamanids (1250–1487) Ottoman Empire (1299–1923) Republic of Turkey (1923–present) Kievan Rus' (862–1240) Principality of Kyiv (1132–1471; vassal of the Golden Horde 1301–1362) Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349) Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ( Kyiv (1471–1793), Bratslav (1566–1793), Chernihiv (1635–1654), Ruthenian (1434–1772), Podolian (1434–1793), Volhynian (1569–1795), and Belz (1462–1793) Voivodeships) Cossack Hetmanate (1648–1764) Russian Empire (1764–1917) Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1804),  Austrian Empire (1804–1867), Cisleithania (1867–1918) Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1921), West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919) Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1922, republic of the Soviet Union 1922–1991 and UN member 1945–1991) Greek city states (6th–5th centuries BC) Bosporan Kingdom (c. 438 BC – 107 BC) Kingdom of Pontus (107 BC – 527 AD) Roman Empire (63 BC – 341 AD) Byzantine Empire (341–1204) Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461) Golden Horde (1238–1449) Principality of Theodoro (1461–1475) Crimean Khanate (1443–1783) Ottoman Empire (1475–1774) Russian Empire (1783–1917) wartime governments (1917–1921) Russian SFSR (1921–1922) Soviet Union (1922–1954) Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1954–1991) Kingdom of Elmet (4th–7th century), Kingdom of Deira (c.450–654), Kingdom of Kent/Cantwara (455–871), Kingdom of Lindsey (c. 500 – 7th century), Kingdom of Rheged (500–600), Kingdom of Sussex (c.477–860), Kingdom of Wessex (519 – 927), Kingdom of Essex (527–825), Kingdom of Mercia (527–918), Kingdom of Haestingas (6th century?