List of state leaders in the 19th century (1851–1900)

These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 19th century.

For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.

Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo: Belgian; today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo: French; today, the Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Great Lakes area Horn of Africa area Indian Ocean Libya Tunisia Egypt Sudan Algeria Morocco and Western Sahara Botswana Eswatini/ Swaziland Lesotho Malawi Mozambique Namibia South Africa Zambia Zimbabwe Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Antigua The Bahamas Barbados Cuba Dominica Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Dominican Republic Haiti Netherlands Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Trinidad and Tobago Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Canada Mexico United States Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Kazakhstan Tibet Uzbekistan China: Mainland China: Taiwan Japan Korea Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar / Burma Philippines Singapore Thailand Timor Vietnam Afghanistan Bahrain Cyprus Iran Iraq Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey United Arab Emirates: Trucial States Yemen Bulgaria Croatia Greece Kosovo Montenegro Serbia Slovenia Germany Empire Austria-Hungary Bohemia Liechtenstein Switzerland These are leaders of constituent states from the German mediatisation in 1806 until the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866.

Leaders of constituent states within the Holy Roman Empire are excluded up to the time of German mediatisation (1801–1806).

Romania Russia Ukraine Denmark Finland Sweden–Norway Italy Malta San Marino Vatican City Andorra Portugal Spain Belgium France Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Azerbaijan Georgia Russia: Dagestan Australia Papua New Guinea Chile Fiji French Polynesia New Zealand Samoa and American Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu United States: Hawaii Vanuatu