[2][3] Newer universities have been established by the Singaporean Government since 2000 that specialise in various sectors and in applied learning.
[13] University ranking methodologies have been criticised[14][15][16] for their subjectivity, bias and lack of consideration for institutional specialisations.
[17][18][19] Institutional competitiveness reinforced by ranking publication results also discourages inter-institutional academic co-operation, non-anglophone thought and have been described a modern form of colonialism.
There are various accreditation and rating processes in Singapore including the EduTrust Certification Scheme.
[36] Below is an incomplete list of institutions of higher learning that offer undergraduate and/or graduate programmes in Singapore.